Copper is a valuable non‑ferrous metal with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. It is naturally found in ores such as chalcopyrite, bornite, and chalcocite. The production process includes mining, crushing, froth flotation, smelting, and electrolytic refining. Due to its ductility, malleability, and high corrosion resistance, copper is widely used in electrical and electronics industries, construction, transportation, plumbing, and the production of alloys like bronze and brass.
The largest copper mines are located in Chile, Peru, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the United States. Scrap copper recycling also plays a major role in supply, as recycling requires only about 15% of the energy needed for primary extraction. With the growth of electric vehicles and renewable energy systems, copper demand has surged and is expected to continue rising for decades. Copper is often seen as a barometer of global economic health.
